Vena contracta – MR Course Navigation Close Previous Next Module 3: Measurements, calculations and reference values Module 3: Measurements, calculations and reference values - Overview PISA: Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area Regurgitant Orifice Area Regurgitant Volume Vena Contracta Reference values Chambers Left Ventricle Module 4: Mitral valve Module 4: Mitral valve - Overview Probe manipulation Anatomy Quantification - MS Flow convergence - MR Vena contracta - MR Mechanisms - MS Module 5: Aortic valve Module 5: Aortic valve - Overview Aortic regurgitation Aortic valve area The commissures Module 8: Aorta Module 8: Aorta - Overview PLAX Pathology (atheroma, dissection, aneurysm, coarctation, IABP) Aortic aneurysm Atheromatous disease Intraaortic balloon pump Coarctation Aortic dissection Anatomy SSN LAX Module 9: Tricuspid valve Module 9: Tricuspid valve - Overview Tricuspid valve Tricuspid regurgitation Tricuspid stenosis A4C Anatomy PLAX - RV Inflow Mechanisms Primary leaflet abnormality Secondary (functional) Quantification Other Lessons Other Lessons - Overview Test final Anatomy Outlet portion Inlet portion Gross anatomy Segmental anatomy Blood supply Pathology TTE views Parasternal long axis view Parasternal short axis view - MV Parasternal short axis view - LV midpapillary Parasternal short axis view - LV apex Apical 3 chamber view Apical 2 chamber view Apical 4 chamber view Apical 5 chamber view Subcostal 4 chamber view Subcostal short axis view - LV midpapillary Diastolic function Dimensions LV internal diameter Chamber volume Left ventricular mass Systolic function Global systolic function Fractional area change Suggested simulator work Grading Severity Strain imaging Parasternal short axis - aortic valve view Apical 5 chamber view Apical 3 chamber view Right parasternal long axis view Suprasternal notch long axis view Mechanisms Calcific aortic stenosis Bicuspid aortic stenosis Rheumatic aortic stenosis Quantification Velocity & gradient Dimensionless index Mechanisms Subcostal short axis view - MV Leaflet abnormalities Root dilation Quantification Jet / LVOT width Continuous wave doppler assessment Descending aorta flow reversal Vena contracta Regurgitant volume, fraction & orifice area Left ventricular size & function Grading severity Summary Subcostal 4 chamber view Tissue Doppler imaging Blood Supply to the Right Ventricle Regional systolic function Grading Severity Conclusion Test Suggested Simulator Work Anatomy TTE Views Parasternal Short Axis View Mechanisms Quantification PR jet size and Vena Contracta Diastolic flow Reversal PR Index EROA and Regurgitant Volume Pulmonary stenosis Pressure Overload Mechanisms Quantification Pressure gradient Grading severity Conclusion Left atrium assessment Right atrium assessment SVC and IVC Coronary sinus Eustachian valve and crista terminalis Pulmonary Regurgitation Pulmonary Valve Area Intrinsic Disease Volume Overload Diastolic function Gross Anatomy ? add something on 3D Cardiomyopathies Ischemic cardiomyopathy Dilated cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Amyloid heart disease Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Conclusion Test Suggested simulator work Anatomy Apical Trabecular Component TTE views Grading Severity TTE Views Parasternal Long Axis View Parasternal Short Axis View Apical 4 chamber View Parasternal RV Inflow View Subcostal 4 Chamber View Right Ventricle Index of Myocardial Performance (RIMP) Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) Fractional Area Change (FAC) Strain imaging Tricuspid Valve Inflow Tricuspid Annular Velocity Grading RV diastolic function Parasternal long axis view Sound and ultrasound Aorto-mitral continuity Parasternal long axis - RV outflow Parasternal short axis - left ventricle mid papillary (PSAX LV mid) Assessment Papillary muscles Parasternal short axis - mitral valve (PSAX MV) Parasternal long axis - RV inflow Parasternal long axis view Parasternal long axis - PLAX Atrial septum Annulus Dimensions Wall thickness Pericardium Parasternal imaging Aortic stenosis Parasternal short axis - left ventricle apex (PSAX LV apex) Pulmonary veins Spectral doppler - MR Apical 2 chamber (A2C) Subcostal short axis Subcostal 4 chamber (SC4C) Subcostal imaging planes Congenital Apical 4 chamber - RV focussed Apical 3 chamber (A3C) Pulmonary venous flow Parasternal short axis - aortic valve (PSAX AV) Left atrial appendage Apical 5 chamber (A5C) Apical 4 chamber (A4C) Apical imaging planes Right parasternal long axis Parasternal short axis - pulmonary bifurcation Parasternal short axis - pulmonic valve (PSAX-PV) Conventional imaging planes Image orientation Suprasternal imaging planes Scatter Doppler imaging Resolution Generation of a 2D image Imaging modalities: how ultrasound images are created Effects of Ultrasound on Tissue Attenuation Refraction Modes of Doppler Imaging: overview Reflection The effects of tissue on ultrasound Propagation velocity Amplitude Frequency Wavelength The characteristics of waves Principles of Doppler imaging Pulsed Wave Doppler Imaging Acquired Imaging artifacts: overview Patient and probe positioning Summary Mislocated structures Erroneously perceived structures Missing structures Degraded image Ultrasound Transducer Design Spectral Display Ultrasound Transducers - Piezoelectric Crystals Strain 3D Imaging M mode Continuous Wave Doppler Tissue Doppler Imaging Color Doppler Imaging Subcostal inferior vena cava Suprasternal long axis Definitions Aorto-mitral continuity Anatomy TTE views Valves Primary, secondary and tertiary cords Leaflet function Leaflet structure Apical 4 chamber view Cords Summary Coronary Sinus Aorta Pulmonic Valve Aortic Valve Parasternal short axis view - MV Apical 5 chamber view Atria 2D assessment MS The aortic valve leaflets The sinuses of valsalva The aortic valve annulus Introduction Conclusion Spectral Doppler assessment - MS Apical 3 chamber view Mitral stenosis Grading severity - MR Mitral regurgitation with restricted leaflet motion - MR Mitral regurgitation with excessive leaflet motion - MR Mitral regurgitation with normal leaflet motion - MR Mechanisms - MR Apical 2 chamber view Mitral Valve Right Ventricle Suprasternal short axis Fractional Shortening Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure & Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure Assessment of the right ventricle Pulmonary artery systolic pressure RV systolic pressure Ejection Fraction: Modified Simpson's Calculation Fractional Area Change Ejection fraction RV dP/dt Fractional shortening Systolic function Shunt Ratio dP/dt Stroke Volume Velocity Gradient: the modified Bernoulli equation Pressure half time Mitral regurgitation - MR Continuity equation Aortic regurgitation assessment by pressure half time Mitral Valve Area by Pressure Half Time Pressure half time Please sign up for the course before starting the lesson. The aortic valve leaflets Blood supply Back to: Introduction to TTE > Module 4: Mitral valve