Aortic Regurgitation by Pressure Half-Time (PHT)

Basics of Ultrasound

Basics of Ultrasound - Overview

Sound and Ultrasound
Piezoelectric Crystals
Amplitude
Wavelength and Frequency
Propagation Velocity
Ultrasound Transducers
How Ultrasound Images are Created
Imaging Modes
Transducer Movements and Perpendicularity
Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) and Imaging
Basics of Ultrasound Review and Key Points

Placement and Manipulation of the TEE Probe

Placement and Manipulation of the TEE Probe - Overview

Introduction to Transesophageal Echocardiography
Indications for Transesophageal Echocardiography
Contraindications and Complications of TEE
Preparation
Sedation for TEE
General Anesthesia
Probe Insertion and Removal
Probe Manipulation
Ultrasound Plane Rotation
TEE Probe Review and Key Points

Transesophageal Echocardiography and Imaging

Transesophageal Echocardiography and Imaging - Overview

Generation of a 2-D Image
Image Orientation
Horizontal Imaging Plane
Vertical Imaging Planes
Conventional Imaging Planes
Effects of Tissue on Ultrasound
Refraction
Attenuation
Reflection
Scatter
Resolution
Image Artifacts
Degraded Image
Erroneously Perceived Structures
Missing Structures
Misplaced Structures
TEE Imaging Review and Key Points

Ultrasound Modes and Equations

Ultrasound Modes and Equations - Overview

Principles of Doppler Imaging
Modes of Doppler Imaging: Overview
Pulsed Wave Doppler: Spectral Display
Color Flow Mapping as Doppler
Continuous Wave Doppler
M-Mode Doppler
The Continuity Equation
The Modified Bernoulli Equation and Gradients
Calculating Velocity and Gradients Across Valves Using the Bernoulli Equation
Fractional Area of Change (FAC)
Modified Simpson's Equation and Ejection Fraction
Stroke Volume
Vena Contracta
Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure and RVSP
Regurgitant Volume
Regurgitant Volume and PISA (Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area)
Shunt Ratio
Underlying Principles of Pressure Half-Time (PHT)
Aortic Regurgitation by Pressure Half-Time (PHT)
Mitral Valve Area by Pressure Half-Time (PHT)
Ultrasound Modes and Equations Review

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