A4C

Module 3: Measurements, calculations and reference values

Module 3: Measurements, calculations and reference values - Overview

PISA: Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area
Regurgitant Orifice Area
Regurgitant Volume
Vena Contracta
Reference values
Chambers
Left Ventricle

Module 4: Mitral valve

Module 4: Mitral valve - Overview

Probe manipulation
Anatomy
Quantification - MS
Flow convergence - MR
Vena contracta - MR
Mechanisms - MS

Module 5: Aortic valve

Module 5: Aortic valve - Overview

Aortic regurgitation
Aortic valve area
The commissures

Module 8: Aorta

Module 8: Aorta - Overview

PLAX
Pathology (atheroma, dissection, aneurysm, coarctation, IABP)
Aortic aneurysm
Atheromatous disease
Intraaortic balloon pump
Coarctation
Aortic dissection
Anatomy
SSN LAX

Module 9: Tricuspid valve

Module 9: Tricuspid valve - Overview

Tricuspid valve
Tricuspid regurgitation
Tricuspid stenosis
A4C
Anatomy
PLAX - RV Inflow
Mechanisms
Primary leaflet abnormality
Secondary (functional)
Quantification

Other Lessons

Other Lessons - Overview

Test final
Anatomy
Outlet portion
Inlet portion
Gross anatomy
Segmental anatomy
Blood supply
Pathology
TTE views
Parasternal long axis view
Parasternal short axis view - MV
Parasternal short axis view - LV midpapillary
Parasternal short axis view - LV apex
Apical 3 chamber view
Apical 2 chamber view
Apical 4 chamber view
Apical 5 chamber view
Subcostal 4 chamber view
Subcostal short axis view - LV midpapillary
Diastolic function
Dimensions
LV internal diameter
Chamber volume
Left ventricular mass
Systolic function
Global systolic function
Fractional area change
Suggested simulator work
Grading Severity
Strain imaging
Parasternal short axis - aortic valve view
Apical 5 chamber view
Apical 3 chamber view
Right parasternal long axis view
Suprasternal notch long axis view
Mechanisms
Calcific aortic stenosis
Bicuspid aortic stenosis
Rheumatic aortic stenosis
Quantification
Velocity & gradient
Dimensionless index
Mechanisms
Subcostal short axis view - MV
Leaflet abnormalities
Root dilation
Quantification
Jet / LVOT width
Continuous wave doppler assessment
Descending aorta flow reversal
Vena contracta
Regurgitant volume, fraction & orifice area
Left ventricular size & function
Grading severity
Summary
Subcostal 4 chamber view
Tissue Doppler imaging
Blood Supply to the Right Ventricle
Regional systolic function
Grading Severity
Conclusion
Test
Suggested Simulator Work
Anatomy
TTE Views
Parasternal Short Axis View
Mechanisms
Quantification
PR jet size and Vena Contracta
Diastolic flow Reversal
PR Index
EROA and Regurgitant Volume
Pulmonary stenosis
Pressure Overload
Mechanisms
Quantification
Pressure gradient
Grading severity
Conclusion
Left atrium assessment
Right atrium assessment
SVC and IVC
Coronary sinus
Eustachian valve and crista terminalis
Pulmonary Regurgitation
Pulmonary Valve Area
Intrinsic Disease
Volume Overload
Diastolic function
Gross Anatomy
? add something on 3D
Cardiomyopathies
Ischemic cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Amyloid heart disease
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Conclusion
Test
Suggested simulator work
Anatomy
Apical Trabecular Component
TTE views
Grading Severity
TTE Views
Parasternal Long Axis View
Parasternal Short Axis View
Apical 4 chamber View
Parasternal RV Inflow View
Subcostal 4 Chamber View
Right Ventricle Index of Myocardial Performance (RIMP)
Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE)
Fractional Area Change (FAC)
Strain imaging
Tricuspid Valve Inflow
Tricuspid Annular Velocity
Grading RV diastolic function
Parasternal long axis view
Sound and ultrasound
Aorto-mitral continuity
Parasternal long axis - RV outflow
Parasternal short axis - left ventricle mid papillary (PSAX LV mid)
Assessment
Papillary muscles
Parasternal short axis - mitral valve (PSAX MV)
Parasternal long axis - RV inflow
Parasternal long axis view
Parasternal long axis - PLAX
Atrial septum
Annulus
Dimensions
Wall thickness
Pericardium
Parasternal imaging
Aortic stenosis
Parasternal short axis - left ventricle apex (PSAX LV apex)
Pulmonary veins
Spectral doppler - MR
Apical 2 chamber (A2C)
Subcostal short axis
Subcostal 4 chamber (SC4C)
Subcostal imaging planes
Congenital
Apical 4 chamber - RV focussed
Apical 3 chamber (A3C)
Pulmonary venous flow
Parasternal short axis - aortic valve (PSAX AV)
Left atrial appendage
Apical 5 chamber (A5C)
Apical 4 chamber (A4C)
Apical imaging planes
Right parasternal long axis
Parasternal short axis - pulmonary bifurcation
Parasternal short axis - pulmonic valve (PSAX-PV)
Conventional imaging planes
Image orientation
Suprasternal imaging planes
Scatter
Doppler imaging
Resolution
Generation of a 2D image
Imaging modalities: how ultrasound images are created
Effects of Ultrasound on Tissue
Attenuation
Refraction
Modes of Doppler Imaging: overview
Reflection
The effects of tissue on ultrasound
Propagation velocity
Amplitude
Frequency
Wavelength
The characteristics of waves
Principles of Doppler imaging
Pulsed Wave Doppler Imaging
Acquired
Imaging artifacts: overview
Patient and probe positioning
Summary
Mislocated structures
Erroneously perceived structures
Missing structures
Degraded image
Ultrasound Transducer Design
Spectral Display
Ultrasound Transducers - Piezoelectric Crystals
Strain
3D Imaging
M mode
Continuous Wave Doppler
Tissue Doppler Imaging
Color Doppler Imaging
Subcostal inferior vena cava
Suprasternal long axis
Definitions
Aorto-mitral continuity
Anatomy
TTE views
Valves
Primary, secondary and tertiary cords
Leaflet function
Leaflet structure
Apical 4 chamber view
Cords
Summary
Coronary Sinus
Aorta
Pulmonic Valve
Aortic Valve
Parasternal short axis view - MV
Apical 5 chamber view
Atria
2D assessment MS
The aortic valve leaflets
The sinuses of valsalva
The aortic valve annulus
Introduction
Conclusion
Spectral Doppler assessment - MS
Apical 3 chamber view
Mitral stenosis
Grading severity - MR
Mitral regurgitation with restricted leaflet motion - MR
Mitral regurgitation with excessive leaflet motion - MR
Mitral regurgitation with normal leaflet motion - MR
Mechanisms - MR
Apical 2 chamber view
Mitral Valve
Right Ventricle
Suprasternal short axis
Fractional Shortening
Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure & Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure
Assessment of the right ventricle
Pulmonary artery systolic pressure
RV systolic pressure
Ejection Fraction: Modified Simpson's Calculation
Fractional Area Change
Ejection fraction
RV dP/dt
Fractional shortening
Systolic function
Shunt Ratio
dP/dt
Stroke Volume
Velocity
Gradient: the modified Bernoulli equation
Pressure half time
Mitral regurgitation - MR
Continuity equation
Aortic regurgitation assessment by pressure half time
Mitral Valve Area by Pressure Half Time
Pressure half time

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